Cryptography Suite
Classical ciphers, modular arithmetic, RSA and modular inverses, each worked out in full.
Pen-and-paper ciphers: Caesar, Affine, Vigenère, Hill.
Classical ciphers guide:
• Caesar: Simple shift cipher - enter text and shift value (1-25)
• Affine: Mathematical cipher - 'a' must be coprime to 26 (1,3,5,7,9,11,15,17,19,21,23,25)
• Vigenère: Keyword-based cipher - uses repeating keyword for encryption
• Hill: Matrix cipher - enter 2×2 matrix as comma-separated values (a,b,c,d)
• Caesar: Simple shift cipher - enter text and shift value (1-25)
• Affine: Mathematical cipher - 'a' must be coprime to 26 (1,3,5,7,9,11,15,17,19,21,23,25)
• Vigenère: Keyword-based cipher - uses repeating keyword for encryption
• Hill: Matrix cipher - enter 2×2 matrix as comma-separated values (a,b,c,d)
Caesar cipher
Shifts every letter the same number of places along the alphabet. Anything that is not a letter passes through untouched.
Any whole number. It is taken mod 26.
Direction
Learn More About Cryptography
These classical ciphers and number-theory tools form the foundation of modern cryptography. Each has unique properties and historical significance. Click to understand each one's mechanism and mathematical formulas in depth.
Caesar
Simple shift cipher used by Julius Caesar
Affine
Mathematical cipher using modular arithmetic
Vigenère
Polyalphabetic cipher with keyword
Hill
Matrix-based polygraphic cipher